Which philosopher is known for advocating the social contract theory?

The philosopher widely recognized for advocating the social contract theory is Jean-Jacques Rousseau. His seminal work, "The Social Contract," published in 1762, lays out his ideas on political philosophy and the nature of human relationships within society. Rousseau's concept emphasizes that individuals consent, either explicitly or implicitly, to form a society and to be governed in exchange for certain protections and the benefits of collective living.

Rousseau's theory suggests that legitimate political authority arises from a social contract agreed upon by all individuals, which fosters equality and freedom in the pursuit of the common good. He posited that this agreement is essential for overcoming the inequalities and conflicts inherent in a purely individualistic state of nature. Through this lens, Rousseau critiques existing societies and promotes the idea that the general will of the populace should guide legislation and governance.

Understanding Rousseau's contributions to social contract theory is critical in grasping the philosophical underpinnings of modern democratic thought and the evolution of concepts related to citizenship and collective responsibility.