Which civilization is recognized for its advances in mathematics and astronomy?

The Mayans are recognized for their significant advances in mathematics and astronomy, which have had a lasting impact on these fields. They developed a complex number system that included the concept of zero, allowing for sophisticated calculations. Additionally, the Mayans were adept at astronomical observations; they meticulously tracked celestial bodies and cycles, which enabled them to create detailed calendars, such as the Tzolk'in and the Haab'.

Their ability to predict astronomical events, such as eclipses, illustrates their advanced understanding of the movements of celestial bodies. This knowledge was not only crucial for agricultural practices and scheduling religious events but also reflected their cultural and scientific achievements.

In contrast, while the Aztecs, Incas, and Sumerians made contributions to various aspects of their respective civilizations, they did not reach the same level of mathematical and astronomical sophistication as the Mayans, particularly in relation to the development and use of complex calendars and mathematical concepts.