Which African empire was known for its wealth and control of trade routes across the Sahara?

The Mali Empire was renowned for its immense wealth and control of trade routes across the Sahara Desert, particularly during the reign of Mansa Musa in the 14th century. Its strategic location allowed for the flourishing of trade in gold, salt, and other commodities, making it a critical hub for trans-Saharan trade. The Mali Empire's capital, Timbuktu, became an intellectual and cultural center, attracting scholars, traders, and visitors from across the Islamic world and beyond. Mansa Musa's famous pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 not only demonstrated the empire's affluence but also helped to promote its reputation. This combination of rich natural resources and effective governance contributed to Mali's prominence as one of the wealthiest and most influential empires in African history.

While Ghana and Songhai also were influential empires with control over trade routes, Mali is specifically celebrated for its wealth and the cultural legacy it left behind. Axum, though significant for different reasons, was centered in present-day Ethiopia and focused more on trade with regions to the east and south rather than the Sahara.