What ideology was primarily promoted by leaders such as Hitler and Mussolini during their governance?

During the governance of leaders like Hitler and Mussolini, the primary ideology they promoted was fascism. This political ideology is characterized by authoritarian nationalism, a strong centralized government, and often a dictatorial leader. Fascism emphasizes the importance of the state or nation above the individual, promoting a sense of national unity and strength. It advocates for a controlled economy, military expansion, and the suppression of dissent, manifesting in a rigid class structure and an emphasis on national pride.

Fascist regimes, particularly under Hitler in Nazi Germany and Mussolini in Italy, were marked by aggressive expansionist policies, militarism, and the use of propaganda to maintain control over the populace. Their governments often persecuted minority groups, promoting a homogeneous national identity.

Understanding the essence of fascism helps elucidate why it was seen as a response to the socio-economic conditions of the time, such as the aftermath of World War I and the global economic crisis. The ideological framework of fascism sought to rebuild national strength and rhetoric around a return to traditional values, setting it apart from other ideologies like communism, which advocates for a classless society, or liberalism, which emphasizes individual rights and democratic governance.